In modern supply chains, automation has transitioned from a luxury to a necessity, driven by the growing demand for accuracy, optimization, scalability, and operational speed. Traditional inventory methods, such as manual counting and barcode scanning, are becoming unsustainable due to their labor-intensive processes and high error rates. Although RFID technology has mitigated some of these challenges, scalability remains a limiting factor. As of 2024, 70% of supply chain professionals believe automation positively impacts warehousing operations, leading to the adoption of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) and drones, both of which offer innovative automation options to streamline inventory management.

The integration of these automation technologies is already observable in the warehouse, but the choice between them often depends on specific operational needs. While drones offer a distinct aerial perspective and can cover expansive areas quickly, ground-based AMRs are gaining traction for their versatility and ability to navigate the complexities of warehouse environments. Their reliability, adaptability, and capacity to work alongside human operators make them effective in large-scale, high-throughput operations.

Navigating Through High-Density Workspaces

AMRs possess distinct advantages in high-density warehouse environments, where employees and robots are in constant motion. Equipped with sensors such as 3D LiDAR and cameras, AMRs easily adapt to changing warehouse layouts, helping to optimize workflows by reducing the time spent transporting goods and improving overall productivity. Unlike drones, which often require clear overhead space and specific flight paths, AMRs can navigate complex warehouse configurations without disruption, even in spaces with high shelving or constant activity. This flexibility allows them to integrate easily into existing workflows and adapt to changing conditions.

In contrast, warehouse drones typically require external guidance systems, such as GPS, which can be unreliable indoors. The need for open space and specific operational conditions limits drones’ ability to function in crowded or complex environments. However, AMRs are able to sense their surroundings and adjust their movements accordingly, offering more precise and effective navigation in confined or dynamic settings.

Sustained Operations with Minimal Interruption

One of the key benefits of automation in supply chains is the ability to maintain continuous operations, and AMRs are designed with this in mind. They can run for 8-10 hours on a single charge, autonomously locating charging stations to maintain productivity during peak demand periods. Unlike drones, which face frequent battery limitations and intermittent service, AMRs can work around the clock without needing breaks, reducing dependence on human labor and minimizing downtime. This leads to greater efficiency, especially in supply chains requiring constant operations.

Additionally, AMRs excel at handling repetitive and strenuous tasks with consistent precision, reducing human error and fatigue. Drones, on the other hand, are hindered by their shorter battery life and reliance on frequent returns to docking stations hinder their ability to maintain continuous workflows.

Prioritizing Safety in a Grounded Approach

Safety is a top priority in supply chains, particularly when heavy equipment and goods are being transported through busy warehouses. To enhance human-robot interaction (HRI) safety, AMRs follow strict safety protocols, and are equipped with sensors that detect human presence, enabling safe movement through complex environments without compromising worker safety. This approach not only helps maintain a secure workspace, but also improves overall efficiency in supply chain operations.

Enclosed spaces, however, pose certain challenges for drones. A warehouse's confined spaces increase the risk of collisions with people, shelving, or equipment. Additionally, warehouse drones can dislodge materials like shrink wrap and packing tape, creating additional safety risks for employees and drones.

A study by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) identified significant risks posed by drones, including blunt force trauma, lacerations, and neck injuries. AMRs offer a safer solution that operates predictably around workers and equipment, significantly lowering the risk of accidents and safety incidents.

Streamlining Inventory Management Without the Red Tape

Drones also face regulatory hurdles that make them less practical for large-scale warehouse use. Under FAA regulations, drones within a five-mile radius of an airport require special authorization, causing delays and operational challenges. This is especially problematic for distribution centers near airports, making drones less suitable for large-scale inventory management. State-specific drone laws add more complexity, from registration requirements to outright flight restrictions, creating uncertainty for warehouse operators.

In contrast, AMRs can be used in any warehouse or distribution center without special permissions to implement inventory management quickly and efficiently. AMRs avoid regulatory roadblocks and offer a more scalable and reliable solution for automation.

The Future of Supply Chain Automation Lies with AMRs

As supply chains evolve, companies must carefully consider the best automation technologies to meet their needs. While drones have specific applications, AMRs are often better suited for the demands of high-density, indoor environments. AMRs reduce human error in stock-taking, monitor inventory levels in real-time, and ensure that records are always up to date, providing an accurate and efficient solution for modern supply chains. As automation continues to play a critical role in enhancing warehouse efficiency, companies will need to remain agile, continuously assessing how emerging technologies can improve their operations without introducing unnecessary complexity.

Zeena Keshwji is senior product manager at Brain Corp.